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Nowadays, society is becoming increasingly conscious of the adverse effect of energy use on the environment, contributing to the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing global warming. Because of the substantial contribution of building energy to these concerns, the intention should be not only to improve building energy efficiency but also to promote the use of renewable technologies, especially solar energy. Today building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) and building-integrated solar thermal (BIST) technologies are recognized by building designers as innovative technology for clean energy and greenhouse gas reduction, especially in cities, where multi-story buildings are dominant with limited roof area.
For the Mediterranean area, the high level of solar radiation and plentiful sunny hours make it appropriate for solar system installation, however, the development of solar energy is still limited. Moreover, due to the high population growth rate, lack of local resources, high energy price, and urbanization, one of the priorities in the Mediterranean area is to promote the energy efficiency of the building both on the supply side and demand side.
Therefore, this research aims to investigate the potential of installation of the photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal (ST) technologies in the new multi-family residential building envelope in the Mediterranean area, taking Amman, Jordan, as a case study. The focus of this research is on the typical multi-family residential buildings in Amman, as it is the city where about 50% of the new construction in Jordan is taking place, and the residential buildings are the major consumers of energy and electricity in Jordan. The multi-family buildings also form about 75% of the total housing stock in Jordan. The typical multi-family building studied here is composed of five main floors, contains ten residential apartments; the area of each apartment is 150 m2. It is assumed that the building is located in a common residential urbanized zone in Jordan, with 6 m sides offset and 8 m back offset, assuming that one side is facing the main street, and all the buildings have a maximum allowable height of 15 m. All the architectural parameters related to the multi-family buildings have been defined through analyzing the residential building stock in Jordan.
In order to achieve the research aim, the possibility of reducing the energy demand of the typical multi-family building in Amman, Jordan, through passive and architectural design strategies was firstly investigated. After that, different performance criteria were evaluated, mainly quantitative criteria including energy consumption, energy production, and life cycle assessment (energy, carbon, cost). In addition to the qualitative criteria, including visibility and functionality, the purpose here is to emphasize the substantial function of BIPV systems. Each performance criterion was assessed alone. Then, all the performance criteria results were presented in a decision support matrix, which can be used as a comparison to evaluate and identify the solar system's application of choice, based on the criteria of the user. Moreover, a new energy index was formulated to evaluate the overall annual energy performance of BIPV design in terms of multifunctional effects on building energy.
Different methods were adopted in this research; the qualitative criteria were evaluated based on the literature review analysis, while the quantitative criteria were evaluated by using different simulation software, previous literature review, and spreadsheet calculations.
Literature review analyses were conducted in order to identify the relevant possibilities and the aesthetical solution the market offers, and the multiple benefits for PV and ST integration. The knowledge acquired from this part played a significant role in choosing and designing the proposals of PV and ST installation into the multi-story building envelope. Regarding the simulation studies, different building and energy simulation software was used to simulate and optimize the energy performance of the typical multi-family building in Amman, Jordan, through passive and architectural design strategies, as well as to find out the optimum design of the energy system in terms of energy performance (energy demand of the system, and solar energy fraction), and to investigate the energy-saving potential of PV and ST systems with various designs (tilt angles, azimuth, installed area, etc.). For the building energy simulation, each zone in the building was modeled as a space of its own. The energy demand was calculated on an hourly basis for a period of a whole year. The results from the simulation analysis, related literature and guidelines were adopted to conduct a life cycle assessment through spreadsheet calculation, to determine the long-term performance in terms of energy and carbon emissions, as well as cost considerations, taking into account the current market practice. The cradle-to-grave approach was adapted for the environmental life cycle assessments.
The general conclusion of this research is that installing the PV modules into the multi-family buildings envelope in Amman, Jordan, makes a positive contribution in terms of energy performance, as PV systems can cover up to 97% of the new building electricity demand when they are installed on both the roof and south façade, and up to 43% is covered by installing the PV modules into the south facade. Regarding the environmental life cycle assessment, the results proved the carbon saving potential of all the proposed PV systems, as the energy payback time (EPBT) is between 1.5- 3.5 years and the carbon payback time (CPBT) is between 3.4- 7.8 years. However, for the life cycle cost assessment the result showed that due to high capital cost and low cost of electricity, neither system is currently feasible for investment, as the payback time (PBT) is between 9.0- 16 years. However, with future advances in each system and more efficient designs, the payback periods would become tangible and therefore yield better performances. Lastly, the results were used to derive a decision support matrix aimed at providing a friendly approach to facilitate the implementation of solar building applications.
Language is the essential medium of human communication, and it takes various
forms, from music to computer code, each of which is suited to specific purposes.
This paper explores the realm of vernacular language, infused with sarcasm, within
the contexts of poetry and folk music. Specifically, we explore its transformative role
within the socio-political landscape of post-1967 Egypt, shedding light on its
dynamic impact on the political and social structure of the time.
Our research places particular emphasis on the works of Ahmad Fouad Negm and
his collaborative partnership with Sheikh Imam. Through their unique lens, this
paper explores the profound significance of vernacular poetry as a powerful tool for
articulating the everyday struggles and sentiments of the underprivileged class.
Their compositions served as a means of resistance to Egypt's ruling class and
provided a powerful voice for those marginalized within society. This study
highlights the enduring importance of vernacular sarcastic poetry in addressing
socio-political issues and advocating for the underprivileged in post-1967 Egypt's
socio-political landscape.
Membranversteifte Tragwerke
(2015)
Die Arbeit "Membranversteifte Tragwerke" befasst sich mit dem Tragverhalten von membranversteiften Tragwerken. Membranen tragen äußere Lasten über Zugkräfte ab und werden aufgrund ihres geringen Eigengewichts oft im Leichtbau und für große Spannweiten verwendet. Bei Anwendungen im Bauwesen werden Membranen in der Regel multifunktional eingesetzt und dienen sowohl als Tragelement als auch als Wetterschutz. In Anlehnung an Anwendungen wie Segel oder als Hüllmaterial für Luftschiffe werden in membranversteiften Tragwerken die Membranen ausschließlich als tragendes Element eingesetzt. Dies ermöglicht eine freie Anordnung der Membranen und eine monofunktionale Optimierung für das Tragverhalten.
In membranversteiften Tragwerken bildet die Membran mit weiteren Druck-, Zug- und Biegeelementen ein hybrides Tragwerk. Die Membran ist dabei unverzichtbarer Teil des Tragwerks, ohne die die Tragfähigkeit nicht gegeben oder deutlich herabgesetzt ist. Während bei linearen Zugelementen die Kräftepfade vorgegeben sind, ermöglichen Membranen durch ihre zweidimensionale Geometrie eine freie Einstellung der Kräftepfade. Die Membranen können auch ohne Krümmung eingesetzt werden und sind in der Regel einachsig beansprucht. Das Tragwirkung der Membran kann nach dem Prinzip der Formstabilisierung oder dem Prinzip der Kopplung beschrieben werden: Das Prinzip der Formstabilisierung wirkt den Verformungen des Gesamtsystems entgegen. Beim Prinzip der Kopplung stellt die Membran eine kraftübertragende Verbindung zwischen zwei Tragelementen her und erzeugt einen zusammengesetzten Querschnitt. Meist überlagern sich beide Tragprinzipien.
Als Anwendungen werden ein membranversteifter Bogen, eine membranversteifte Stütze und ein membranversteifter Träger untersucht. Die Untersuchungen erfolgen sowohl numerisch als auch experimentell. Die äußere Belastung, die Geometrie und Anordnung der Struktur, die Materialsteifigkeit der Membran und der übrigen Tragelemente, die Orientierung der orthotropen Membran, der Randanschluss der Membran und eine Vorspannung der Membran beeinflussen sich gegenseitig. Die Interaktion und der Einfluss der einzelnen Parameter werden beschrieben. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen membranversteiften Strukturen werden aufgezeigt. Die vorliegende Ergebnisse ermöglichen ein tieferes Verständnis über das Tragverhalten membranversteifter Tragwerke.
Trotz der zunehmenden Finanzialisierung und Privatisierung von Stadtraum entstehen vielerorts Räume, die sich aus einer nicht-renditeorientierten Praxis heraus entwickeln. Auch aufgrund mangelnder kommunaler Absicherung findet in Berliner Nachbarschaften eine stadtpolitische Selbstermächtigung statt, indem Orte jenseits von Marktlogiken als für alle zugängliche und gemeinsame Räume offengehalten werden.
Dieser zivilgesellschaftlichen Planungsarbeit, die auch die sozialen Gefüge am Ort erhält und weiter stärkt, wurde an drei Orten in Berlin nachgegangen: Im Nachbarschaftsraum neben dem Kotti-Shop im Neuen Zentrum Kreuzberg entsteht eine kollektive Spielplatzplanung; die station urbaner kulturen/ nGbK Hellersdorf hält für eine freiräumliche Allmende am «Place Internationale» eine Nutzungsvereinbarung, die Initiative Hermannplatz unterstützt die Nachbarschaft im Kampf gegen den Abriss des Karstadtgebäudes und die Verdrängung lokaler Gewerbetreibender.
Studierende haben sich ein Semester lang als Kartograf:innen in eine Kooperation mit den Initiativen vor Ort begeben und drei grossformatige Zeichnungen erstellt, die die kooperativen Arbeitsweisen im jeweiligen Kontext modellhaft für eine gemeinwohlorientierte Stadtentwicklung aufzeigen. Sie veranschaulichen den Zusammenhang zwischen selbstverwalteter Planungsarbeit und nachbarschaftlicher Raumproduktion und befragen die Rolle von Politik und Verwaltung als – eigentlich – Gemeingut-sichernde Instanz. Als Handreichung und Debattenbeitrag dienen die Kartierungen der Etablierung kooperativer Designansätze im Widerstand gegen eine renditeorientierte Stadtentwicklung.
Eine Krise bekommen
(2021)
This thesis focuses on small scale residential cooling application with unitary air conditioning units as they are wide spread in the so called Middle East North African Region. The presence of these single room or single apartment cooling systems is evaluated and their impact throughout the region assessed. They have a tremendous impact on the electric supply in countries like Saudi Arabia where most of the households already have an AC-unit. The impact in other countries with relatively less installed systems, like in Egypt, is already crucial and leads to regular power cuts. However, the stability of the grids of these countries will decrease further with a higher penetration rate of electric air conditioning systems. Current technology development aims to reduce the buildings cooling energy demand, increase the coefficient of performance, or to substitute the cooling mechanism with a different approach such as sorptive cooling systems. However, these systems require a costly and time intensive change of the building structure or an exchange of the existing cooling system. Due to this reasons, this thesis focuses on the additional installation of a small scale PV electric system, including a battery and applying advanced control strategies to utilize the thermal storage capacity of the building masses. Therefore, the present room cooling system is modeled as a reference system as it could be present throughout the entire region. This system consists of a room model of a typical apartment structure and is cross validated. Two use cases are applied: a bed room and a living room. Further, it includes a model of the solar electric system which is as well parametrized to regional values. Newly, a split unit model and an extended Kinetic Battery model are set up. The single models are combined to an entire system simulation. Afterwards, the main parameters are varied in particle swarm optimization runs to determine the impact of various boundary conditions, such as the electricity price and feed in tariffs, battery and thermal storage capacities, and solar collector field size. The simulation results are compared in terms of levelized costs of cooling, solar coverage rate and the solar cooling autonomy. The findings are compared in a case study. This study highlights the results of the Hurghada, Egypt city district of El Gouna. There, personal observations of the results where possible and an in depth analysis of the results was undertaken. In this location, the levelized costs of electricity for a small scale PV system with 1kWpeak drop there to 0.18USD/kWh with a short investment period of 5 years. They even drop to 0.08 and 0.05USD/kWh when taking an investment period of 15 or 25 years into consideration. With this values, various levelized costs of cooling are simulated as a parameter field of the particle swarm optimization. The findings show, that in most cases, the cooling costs become negative, even with relatively short investment periods. Within a bed room, a solar coverage rate of 0.9 can be achieved with a small scale PV system with weighted costs of only 677USD. In terms of solar cooling autonomy, the most cost efficient system has weighted costs of1,036USD, resulting in a coverage rate of 0.71. The living room air conditioning system can achieve best weighted costs of1,459USDfor a cooling autonomy of 0.86.Further, the practical application of a small scale PV electric solar cooling system was evaluated by the author in the case study location itself. The limitations of the theoretic system design are presented and discussed. Part of this analysis is the thermal stratification in typical vaulted apartment structures as they have a huge impact on the deviation between simulated and measured room air cooling demand.
e-Textile Reader
(2020)
Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit den möglichen Rollen von Fußball-Ultra-Fangruppen in Mobilisierungsprozessen von sozialen Bewegungen. Anhand einer Analyse der Protestbewegungen in Ägypten 2011, der Türkei 2013 und Algerien 2019 im Kontext der Bewegungsforschung, werden u.a. die Faktoren Gewaltbereitschaft in repressiven politischen Systemen und kulturelle Produktionsleistungen (als Ausdrücke der Fankultur) im Allgemeinen als potentiell mobilisierungsfördernd identifiziert. Durch ihre Spontaneität auf der einen und ihre effiziente Organisation auf der anderen Seite können Ultras die kognitive Produktion eines Issues und die Konsens- und Handlungsmobilisierung maßgeblich beeinflussen.
The project DAAN (Design of Assistive Ambient Notification Systems, funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research) explored ambient notification as a part of an assistive computing system for elderly users. Within the framework of this project we investigated the potential of textiles as ambient notification devices, with a focus on knitted fabric. This is the documentation of the project activities at University of Arts Berlin.
Abstract. This study compares performance of different speech com-
mand classification systems which can be executed on an Raspberry
Pi Zero ARMv6 architecture. Three systems are evaluated: first one,
TREELITE_MFCC, is based on Treelite system cross-compiles a MFCC-
classifying Random Forest into a highly optimized shared library; second,
TFLITE_MFCC, performs classification of MFCC inputs by means of
convolutional neural network encoded as a lightweight TensorFlow Lite
model while the third one - labeled as TFLITE_RAW - uses more com-
plex network to directly classify the audio signal. We evaluate models
not only in terms of their accuracy and precision, but also in terms of
execution time, voltage, current and energy consumed. We observe that
while TFLITE_RAW offers superior performance in terms of accuracy,
TREELITE_RAW is also worth of consideration for low-latency real-
life applications since it offers relatively good performance (avg. micro-
precision=0.917) but its predictions, when executed on Raspberry Pi
Zero, are significantly faster and cost less energy than TensorFlow Lite
models.